#12-28 UNF Torque Spec
Calculated preload torque by grade, plus what actually changes the number.
By grade
| Grade | Dry (lb-ft) | Lubed (lb-ft) | Dry (N·m) | Clamp load | Ultimate tensile |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grade 2 Low/medium carbon steel, unmarked head | 3.83 | 2.87 | 5.19 | 1,063 lb | 1,908 lb |
| Grade 5 Medium carbon Q&T, 3 radial head marks | 5.92 | 4.44 | 8.02 | 1,644 lb | 3,094 lb |
| Grade 8 Medium carbon alloy Q&T, 6 radial head marks | 8.36 | 6.27 | 11.3 | 2,320 lb | 3,868 lb |
| 18-8 SS 304/18-8 stainless | 2.79 | 2.09 | 3.78 | 773 lb | 1,934 lb |
Why lubrication changes everything
Roughly 90% of the torque you apply is consumed by friction — under the head and in the threads. Only about 10% becomes useful bolt stretch. That means the friction coefficient, not the bolt, sets the relationship between torque and clamp load. Here is the same #12-28 UNF Grade 5 fastener under different conditions:
| Thread condition | Nut factor K | Torque for same preload |
|---|---|---|
| Plain / as-received, dry | 0.20 | 5.92 lb-ft |
| Zinc plated, dry | 0.22 | 6.51 lb-ft |
| Black oxide, lightly oiled | 0.18 | 5.33 lb-ft |
| Machine oil on threads | 0.15 | 4.44 lb-ft |
| Molybdenum disulfide / anti-seize | 0.12 | 3.55 lb-ft |
| Waxed or PTFE coated | 0.10 | 2.96 lb-ft |
Assumptions behind these numbers
T = K × D × F with K = 0.20, F = 0.75 × proof load, and proof load = tensile stress area (0.02579 in²) × the grade's proof strength. This is a general-engineering starting point for a reusable steel-on-steel joint. It is not a substitute for a manufacturer's torque sequence on an engine, a suspension component, a pressure vessel or any structural connection.